INFORMATION SOCIETY (part1)
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INFORMATION SOCIETY
SUMMARY
Modern is a period of transition from the capitalist society adapted to the goods production to the information society which is characterized mainly the production and circulation of information. Information is defined as a signal that transmitted to recognition system of the person through the transfer system containing from the interactive facing the human up to Internet, and affecting the recognition, sensibility, and passion defining human activities. Goods is formed by embodying the information to the object occupying the space,and having character that transfer and replication is not easy and the value is fixed. Whereas information does not occupy a space, the circulation (transfer) and replication is easy and infinitely possible. Circulation of information is performed in the manner that to the lower from the higher of information potential corresponding to the high degree of information. The value of the information is given by the size of the gap of information potential between the sender and receiver of information, and reduce by a function as a parameter the flow resistance and time referring to the information.In the period of transition from the capitalist production to the information society, as a result that has been increasing the weight of the information production in the goods production, value of goods also has become to reduce in a short time, and it is cause of reduction in the rate of profit. Therefore capital is no longer able to only efficient operation as speculative financial capital, and information is circulated globally across the border in an instant by the Internet access, so global financial capital of modern have appeared. Because of the absence of international institutions to regulate the global financial capital,it is repeatedly brought about the crisis of the financial system, relief for financial institutions by the state (deficit government bonds), and large global recession.
1. INTRODUCTION
A recognition that knowledge and information occupies an important position in the economic activity and is becoming to affect the industrial structure was proposed already in the 1960s of more 50 years ago (Fritz Machlup "knowledge industry"). Next in the 1970s, postindustrial society theory has been proposed (Daniel Bell, "the advent of the post-industrial society").The theory explain that social change is happening that from the society that industrial production is main factor to the society that production of knowledge and information is an important element.In 1980 a full-fledged information society theory based on the recognition of the information society is becoming arrival was filed(Alvin Toffler, "the third wave"). In other words, the recognition that now is the transition period that change to an information society from the industrial society, the transition in a manner similar to that change to the industrial society from the agricultural society,has been shown.
In almost 30 years period after that to the present at the beginning of the 21st century, it will be appreciated that the discussions about the major shift in the basic social structure from the broader perspective and the essential debate about the basic structure of the information society were almost the same discussion as those described above, even if, there was somewhat of a difference, such as more clearance of the point of view and the issue of discussions (for example, P.F. Drucker "post-capitalist society",1993). But ,on the other hand, there is no doubt that it has become a common recognition that third industrial revolution or IT technology innovation extremely developed from the end of the 20th century will be the world of the 21st century strongly changed to a information society from the industrial society.
Regard to the real economic society of this period, in the era of the 1960s, high economic growth by the Keynesian policy and its supporting technological innovation has been made. The theory of the above-mentioned Machlup was brought by the self-awareness of that role of knowledge and information has become larger in the economic growth.In the era of the 1970s, the stagflation that inflation and economic stagnation take place at the same time by the oil shock has spread, and the future of capitalist production has become anxiety, then post-industrial society theory, such as described above, has been filed as a self-recognition.Next, in the era of the 1980s, the new liberalism which advocates anti-Keynesian deregulation,free competition and self-responsibility is proposed for the breakthrough of stagflation, and has been put into practice.And the people was overwhelmed by the confrontation between the Keynesian policies and neo-liberal policies and by the spread of neo-liberal atmosphere.Besides the broader perspective discussions in relation to the information society is seemed to have been already all about discussed.Under these conditions discussions of such as like the conversion of the social structure was depressed.In the era of the 1990s,the socialist countries have one after another collapsed and global market has formed , and further by the combination of global market and the IT revolution the global capitalism, especially now that the global financial capitalism, has been brought and is sweeping the world. As the results, it is the current situation that while on the base of the society the information technology have dramatically advanced and the transitioning to the information society have steadily progressed, on the surface,the discussions on broader view on the information society have hushed shadow.
However, the contradiction of global financial capitalism is worldwide spread, that is originated in the collapse of Lehman Brothers in 2008 and lasted to 2009,and now the world economy is exposed to the bankruptcy crisis of the global financial system and to severe global recession.It has become a situation where fundamental clear solution has not been found.So that, as a theoretical problem in the current situation, essential discussion of the information society that is also subject to globalization that led to the global financial capitalism has become necessary. However, at present, what society the information society is essentially, and what is social structure or social system adapted to the information society have not been discussed. Also, whether the current social situation there is in any position in the course towards the information society can not recognize. Therefore we are caught in a situation that exact answer that any such measures should take to the various problems that are currently occurring (such as depression) can not be raised at all.
This paper is intended to answer these problems, and I want to debate that can contribute even a little towards the problem solving.
2. INFORMATION
2-1 Information
To discuss the information society, it would be necessary to first present what is used in the mean the word information. Used in this paper "information" can be defined plainly as follows. "a signal that is transmitted to the recognition system that is built into the brain through the human perception system (five senses) pass through the transmission system such as Internet access, telecommunications line, broadcasting, printing (publication),postal service,transportation, handwriting, voice, contact and treatment of the human body,and shall affect the recognition,sensibility and passions that define the human activity. " In general, information is defined in related to ideas that nature is formed from two of the elemental factors that are the carrier body of material and energy and the pattern(or information),that is in response to the "philosophy" perception that things are formed by the Matter and Form, and the definition is received as a fundamental definition, but those "philosophical definition" itself is inaccurate, at least information is defined entirely meaningless as far as to target society, it is a necessary and sufficient in the definition, such as described above.
In addition,a recognition of information is proposed that as being positioned in stepwise series of data → information → knowledge → theory that is lined up in one direction towards from the conceptually lower to the upper,based on the recognition that data is initial symbol that covers all things and events, information is that organized the data, knowledge is that codified the information,and theory is that universally constituted knowledges.This recognition is seemingly reasonable. But, actually, those are not in the relationship which is defined in one direction from the lower-level data towards to the higher-level information , knowledge and theory. Accordingly , to collect the appropriate data from miscellaneous things and events,it is impossible without the knowledge backed by the theory. And grasp of data, information, knowledge and theory exist in the mutual relationship,so that it is necessary to recognize as a morphological hierarchy after confirmation of this point,and after all it is only a secondary classification.
2-2 Various forms of information
The definition of the information described above is broad, and includes information in various forms.Following is listed as whatever came into my mind with roughly classified into.
1.knowledge and data related to natural science and social science.
2.knowledge and data relating to the production and physical distribution of goods.
3.art, and knowledge and data relating to it.
4.recreational art such as games and comics,and knowledge relating to them.
5.entertainment and sports,and knowledge and data relating to them.
6.various types of treatment carried out in contact with the human body, such as medical care, massage, and knowledge and data relating to those.
7.software processing various kinds of knowledge and data.
8.substance embodied in goods. It should be noted that goods is produced by giving the process to an object, such as a natural object or a workpiece normally over the multistage, so as to provide the benefits, such as convenience, pleasure of the people.And each process is respectively based on the processing information needed to achieve the purpose. Accordingly goods can be recognized that the integrated-embodying the large amount of information on the object to the multiplex.
2-3 Production of information
Information is created by the human creative activity. For example, knowledge is created by the research and thinking and learning,and data is produced by collecting and editing the data in the examined methods to suit the purpose.In sports and game, each play and total process and results of game made by the optimal determination in accordance with the situation of players is itself production of information for the audience. Further, process of training and practice for performing games is also production of information.
2-4 Acceptance of information
People has built a recognition system of himself adapted to the environment (historical and social circumstances) depending on the information received since the born,and information is accepted on the basis of the recognition system of the self.The recognition system has 'information potential' at each field of information corresponding to the high degree of the information accepted.
2-5 Retention of information
In general, the information can only retain and can not essentially possess (private possession), because information does not occupy the space and can very easily and infinitely replicate and circulate in contrast to goods. On the other hand if the information is circulated only in the restricted parties concerned without general circulation, the retention of information can be brought properties of possession. However, it is almost impossible to completely prevent the circulation because of the characteristics of the information. Since the information can not be possessed, and the capitalist system that formed on the condition of possession of the goods is incompatible with the information society.Accordingly the capitalist system, such as the current basic system, is not taken in the information society.
2-6 Circulation of information
Information will be circulated from the higher information potential to the lower through the communication system. Specifically, producer or retainer of the information communicate the information to the accept-requester of specific or a number of the general public through the communication system. At that time, if the gap of information potential is too large,the information is not smoothly communicated in order to unacceptable. Velocity of circulation of information is defined by the presence of will of information retainer and the degree of aggressiveness of the will, and the flow resistance of the communication system by the gap-resistance due to the gap-size of information potential.
2-7 Form of information and form of circulation
Specific circulation forms of information correspond to the form of information. With reference to each other, it is as follows.
1.General information,such as knowledge and data - circulate by the communication system such as information communications network (the Internet), and the flow resistance is extremely small. However, upon to accept information of high potential (information potential), it will be necessary to receive education through schools or various training institutions to improve the information potential of the field corresponding to the information, or a potential gap relay mechanism to fill the gap of information potential is required, and that much more flow resistance is large.
2.Information embodied in goods(commodity) - circulate by the transfer of ownership of the goods, the flow resistance tends to be high. In recent years, it has been reduced even flow resistance of goods by the so-called "distribution revolution" brought by the information communication network. On the other hand,flow resistance of information relating to the goods distribution is high, because it is confidential as usually know-how.
3.Information in live, such as live performance,public performance,and medical services provided as a target of the human body - circulate only communicate by face-to-face of the people, the flow resistance is high.
2-8 Value and price of information
The value of the information is decided on a potential gap between the potential of the information and current situation of information potential relating to the target information,so information having a large potential gap is much valuable information. The value of the information is evaluated and embodied by the price willing to pay in order to obtain the information filling the information gap ,and is realized as the price at the time of communication. Value of the information becomes zero when the information has been circulated and the potential gap vanished.And value of the information has a characteristic of reducing as time passes,because it is not possible to completely block the flow of information.Therefore, the price of the information is given by the function of the initial price and flow resistance and time.Further, since the value of the information is different by the recipient,in the case of discrete communication, the value and price is determined in accordance with the state of the recipient.On the other hand, the price system in the general circulation of information have been socially established. That is,the price of information newly produced is evaluated and set positioned relatively in the social price system. The price system is defined by the amount of activity that is common and social need to access to or produce the target information, and in that sense, the value of information have aspects of labor value.
3. INFORMATION SOCIETY
3-1 Information society
Information society is society in that production and circulation of information has become a key industry and led to occupy the mainstay of social activities, against, medieval feudal society in that agricultural production was a key industry and capitalist society in that goods production (industrial production) was a key industry.Perhaps it can say, it is a society in that human beings and the activity itself are principal,against the society in that goods was the subject. Pivotal point in the information society is to ensure a free and smooth flow of information in order to activate the production and circulation of information and to promote the development of people and society. That is, construct a system for circulating universally,accurately,fast and low cost as possible to people in need of information, not allow an exclusive and biased retention of information.
3-2 Function of money
In general, money is information medium representing social evaluation of the value. In the goods distribution society, money serves as a distribution medium of goods (commodities). In a capitalist society, money place production of goods under the control based on the ownership of factors of the production, and obtain (exploit) the part of the value that has been produced by the labor based on commercializing the labor force, and function as capital (industrial capital) to produce a profit. After that, the capital, in response to being the huge capital that has become necessary according to the heavy and chemical industrialization and mass production, grow into financial capital which has the effect of self-growth by creating their own interest, standing on top of the production and consumption sectors of goods and services to mediate the supply and demand of their funds, and produce financial markets to invest for this financial capital. In addition,in the current, the global financial markets are formed and a speculative global financial capitalism has created.
On the other hand, in the information society, information is positioned relatively in the social information price system,and its price is evaluated and set. At the communication of information amount of money corresponding the price of information is paid, and in this way information flows. That is, smooth flow of information is ensured by the money accomplish a payment function of the price that corresponds to the information value. Therefore, money is only with the pricing function and consideration payment function of the information, in principle there is no room to be "capitalization". Price system of information, constantly varies between each field each other with the information production in each field of information,also as a whole varies with depending on the money supply.
In addition,the emergence of "monetarism" in the intensity of the contradiction of the capitalist system is having a aspect that implicitly anticipate the money of the function in the information society in the process of transition towards the information society.
3-3 Information production and capital
In the information society, in order to perform the information production by organization such as a company, of course, it is necessary to set up information processing equipments to connect external systems,to employ information production and processing worker, and money capital in order to cover their costs. However, it is sufficient with a much less capital compared to the capital necessary to ensure the equipment and materials in the goods production. Further,the increasingly less capital will be necessary by the development of information technology, and in the information production it will be become apparent directly the contribution of creativity of the worker for the price, in consequence, excessive "exploitation" by "capital" is become impossible. The capital is turned into costs of information production, and function as a "capital" will be decreased significantly. As a result, at least basis of realizing speculative financial capital will be lost.
3-4 Corporate entity of information production
As the weight of labor (creative activity) in information production is very high relative to the other production conditions,it is forced to be mainstream that company producing the information is composed as corporate body of non-capitalist and productive joint body. Capital required information production is made possible procurement in very easily and at low cost by planning ability of the corporate entity.The same was early pointed out,as P.F.Drucker stated in "post-capitalist society" published in 1993, in that described as "Today, land,labor, capital have the significant only as primarily constraint condition for production.If there is no of them, nothing is produced,even the knowledge.・・・However, already in the today,if effective management is done, i.e. even been made application to the knowledge of knowledge, so that the other resources are put in the hands at any time. " Therefore,the capitalist systems, in that the capital behave from behind as an absolute ruler referring to such as labor (creative activities) curriculum,setting of the working environment and the distribution of the fruits of labor,is not able to form in order to workers who is the subject of information production is not accept because of being unsatisfied .
3-5 Goods production and capital
In the information society as a matter of course the production of goods is continued,although it is not no longer key industry. This is similar to that in the capitalist society (industrial society), the goods production become a key industry,although agricultural production is also of course continued with increasing the volume of production and decreasing the weight in the whole industry with falling from the key industry. In addition, agricultural production in capitalist society is not the course of continuing the agricultural production to maintain the system under feudalism,while is carried out by the system conforming with the goods production.Similarly, also on the goods production in the information society, the weight of the capital which was overwhelming dominant factor in the capitalist society is significantly reduced,and a system according to the system of information production i.e. a system performed by corporate entity that have communal and non-capitalist basis is adopted.
3-6 Information society and the state
In the information society, according to globalization have been progressing as a premise of the establishment of the information society, the position of the state is relatively reduced in response to the enhancement of international various organizations and institutions, and progress the hollowing out of national sovereignty. Ultimately, national defense function replaces the security functions of the international central authority (world government), and the management and welfare of the residents of each region is done by the local government which is directly connected to the residents, further industry, transportation, traffic,and others is rested upon an intermediate engine of each level having various spread,such as current national,state,and others,and the system adjusting mechanism for adjusting between the intermediate mechanism is disposed to the upper level intermediate engine or central authority.
SUMMARY
Modern is a period of transition from the capitalist society adapted to the goods production to the information society which is characterized mainly the production and circulation of information. Information is defined as a signal that transmitted to recognition system of the person through the transfer system containing from the interactive facing the human up to Internet, and affecting the recognition, sensibility, and passion defining human activities. Goods is formed by embodying the information to the object occupying the space,and having character that transfer and replication is not easy and the value is fixed. Whereas information does not occupy a space, the circulation (transfer) and replication is easy and infinitely possible. Circulation of information is performed in the manner that to the lower from the higher of information potential corresponding to the high degree of information. The value of the information is given by the size of the gap of information potential between the sender and receiver of information, and reduce by a function as a parameter the flow resistance and time referring to the information.In the period of transition from the capitalist production to the information society, as a result that has been increasing the weight of the information production in the goods production, value of goods also has become to reduce in a short time, and it is cause of reduction in the rate of profit. Therefore capital is no longer able to only efficient operation as speculative financial capital, and information is circulated globally across the border in an instant by the Internet access, so global financial capital of modern have appeared. Because of the absence of international institutions to regulate the global financial capital,it is repeatedly brought about the crisis of the financial system, relief for financial institutions by the state (deficit government bonds), and large global recession.
1. INTRODUCTION
A recognition that knowledge and information occupies an important position in the economic activity and is becoming to affect the industrial structure was proposed already in the 1960s of more 50 years ago (Fritz Machlup "knowledge industry"). Next in the 1970s, postindustrial society theory has been proposed (Daniel Bell, "the advent of the post-industrial society").The theory explain that social change is happening that from the society that industrial production is main factor to the society that production of knowledge and information is an important element.In 1980 a full-fledged information society theory based on the recognition of the information society is becoming arrival was filed(Alvin Toffler, "the third wave"). In other words, the recognition that now is the transition period that change to an information society from the industrial society, the transition in a manner similar to that change to the industrial society from the agricultural society,has been shown.
In almost 30 years period after that to the present at the beginning of the 21st century, it will be appreciated that the discussions about the major shift in the basic social structure from the broader perspective and the essential debate about the basic structure of the information society were almost the same discussion as those described above, even if, there was somewhat of a difference, such as more clearance of the point of view and the issue of discussions (for example, P.F. Drucker "post-capitalist society",1993). But ,on the other hand, there is no doubt that it has become a common recognition that third industrial revolution or IT technology innovation extremely developed from the end of the 20th century will be the world of the 21st century strongly changed to a information society from the industrial society.
Regard to the real economic society of this period, in the era of the 1960s, high economic growth by the Keynesian policy and its supporting technological innovation has been made. The theory of the above-mentioned Machlup was brought by the self-awareness of that role of knowledge and information has become larger in the economic growth.In the era of the 1970s, the stagflation that inflation and economic stagnation take place at the same time by the oil shock has spread, and the future of capitalist production has become anxiety, then post-industrial society theory, such as described above, has been filed as a self-recognition.Next, in the era of the 1980s, the new liberalism which advocates anti-Keynesian deregulation,free competition and self-responsibility is proposed for the breakthrough of stagflation, and has been put into practice.And the people was overwhelmed by the confrontation between the Keynesian policies and neo-liberal policies and by the spread of neo-liberal atmosphere.Besides the broader perspective discussions in relation to the information society is seemed to have been already all about discussed.Under these conditions discussions of such as like the conversion of the social structure was depressed.In the era of the 1990s,the socialist countries have one after another collapsed and global market has formed , and further by the combination of global market and the IT revolution the global capitalism, especially now that the global financial capitalism, has been brought and is sweeping the world. As the results, it is the current situation that while on the base of the society the information technology have dramatically advanced and the transitioning to the information society have steadily progressed, on the surface,the discussions on broader view on the information society have hushed shadow.
However, the contradiction of global financial capitalism is worldwide spread, that is originated in the collapse of Lehman Brothers in 2008 and lasted to 2009,and now the world economy is exposed to the bankruptcy crisis of the global financial system and to severe global recession.It has become a situation where fundamental clear solution has not been found.So that, as a theoretical problem in the current situation, essential discussion of the information society that is also subject to globalization that led to the global financial capitalism has become necessary. However, at present, what society the information society is essentially, and what is social structure or social system adapted to the information society have not been discussed. Also, whether the current social situation there is in any position in the course towards the information society can not recognize. Therefore we are caught in a situation that exact answer that any such measures should take to the various problems that are currently occurring (such as depression) can not be raised at all.
This paper is intended to answer these problems, and I want to debate that can contribute even a little towards the problem solving.
2. INFORMATION
2-1 Information
To discuss the information society, it would be necessary to first present what is used in the mean the word information. Used in this paper "information" can be defined plainly as follows. "a signal that is transmitted to the recognition system that is built into the brain through the human perception system (five senses) pass through the transmission system such as Internet access, telecommunications line, broadcasting, printing (publication),postal service,transportation, handwriting, voice, contact and treatment of the human body,and shall affect the recognition,sensibility and passions that define the human activity. " In general, information is defined in related to ideas that nature is formed from two of the elemental factors that are the carrier body of material and energy and the pattern(or information),that is in response to the "philosophy" perception that things are formed by the Matter and Form, and the definition is received as a fundamental definition, but those "philosophical definition" itself is inaccurate, at least information is defined entirely meaningless as far as to target society, it is a necessary and sufficient in the definition, such as described above.
In addition,a recognition of information is proposed that as being positioned in stepwise series of data → information → knowledge → theory that is lined up in one direction towards from the conceptually lower to the upper,based on the recognition that data is initial symbol that covers all things and events, information is that organized the data, knowledge is that codified the information,and theory is that universally constituted knowledges.This recognition is seemingly reasonable. But, actually, those are not in the relationship which is defined in one direction from the lower-level data towards to the higher-level information , knowledge and theory. Accordingly , to collect the appropriate data from miscellaneous things and events,it is impossible without the knowledge backed by the theory. And grasp of data, information, knowledge and theory exist in the mutual relationship,so that it is necessary to recognize as a morphological hierarchy after confirmation of this point,and after all it is only a secondary classification.
2-2 Various forms of information
The definition of the information described above is broad, and includes information in various forms.Following is listed as whatever came into my mind with roughly classified into.
1.knowledge and data related to natural science and social science.
2.knowledge and data relating to the production and physical distribution of goods.
3.art, and knowledge and data relating to it.
4.recreational art such as games and comics,and knowledge relating to them.
5.entertainment and sports,and knowledge and data relating to them.
6.various types of treatment carried out in contact with the human body, such as medical care, massage, and knowledge and data relating to those.
7.software processing various kinds of knowledge and data.
8.substance embodied in goods. It should be noted that goods is produced by giving the process to an object, such as a natural object or a workpiece normally over the multistage, so as to provide the benefits, such as convenience, pleasure of the people.And each process is respectively based on the processing information needed to achieve the purpose. Accordingly goods can be recognized that the integrated-embodying the large amount of information on the object to the multiplex.
2-3 Production of information
Information is created by the human creative activity. For example, knowledge is created by the research and thinking and learning,and data is produced by collecting and editing the data in the examined methods to suit the purpose.In sports and game, each play and total process and results of game made by the optimal determination in accordance with the situation of players is itself production of information for the audience. Further, process of training and practice for performing games is also production of information.
2-4 Acceptance of information
People has built a recognition system of himself adapted to the environment (historical and social circumstances) depending on the information received since the born,and information is accepted on the basis of the recognition system of the self.The recognition system has 'information potential' at each field of information corresponding to the high degree of the information accepted.
2-5 Retention of information
In general, the information can only retain and can not essentially possess (private possession), because information does not occupy the space and can very easily and infinitely replicate and circulate in contrast to goods. On the other hand if the information is circulated only in the restricted parties concerned without general circulation, the retention of information can be brought properties of possession. However, it is almost impossible to completely prevent the circulation because of the characteristics of the information. Since the information can not be possessed, and the capitalist system that formed on the condition of possession of the goods is incompatible with the information society.Accordingly the capitalist system, such as the current basic system, is not taken in the information society.
2-6 Circulation of information
Information will be circulated from the higher information potential to the lower through the communication system. Specifically, producer or retainer of the information communicate the information to the accept-requester of specific or a number of the general public through the communication system. At that time, if the gap of information potential is too large,the information is not smoothly communicated in order to unacceptable. Velocity of circulation of information is defined by the presence of will of information retainer and the degree of aggressiveness of the will, and the flow resistance of the communication system by the gap-resistance due to the gap-size of information potential.
2-7 Form of information and form of circulation
Specific circulation forms of information correspond to the form of information. With reference to each other, it is as follows.
1.General information,such as knowledge and data - circulate by the communication system such as information communications network (the Internet), and the flow resistance is extremely small. However, upon to accept information of high potential (information potential), it will be necessary to receive education through schools or various training institutions to improve the information potential of the field corresponding to the information, or a potential gap relay mechanism to fill the gap of information potential is required, and that much more flow resistance is large.
2.Information embodied in goods(commodity) - circulate by the transfer of ownership of the goods, the flow resistance tends to be high. In recent years, it has been reduced even flow resistance of goods by the so-called "distribution revolution" brought by the information communication network. On the other hand,flow resistance of information relating to the goods distribution is high, because it is confidential as usually know-how.
3.Information in live, such as live performance,public performance,and medical services provided as a target of the human body - circulate only communicate by face-to-face of the people, the flow resistance is high.
2-8 Value and price of information
The value of the information is decided on a potential gap between the potential of the information and current situation of information potential relating to the target information,so information having a large potential gap is much valuable information. The value of the information is evaluated and embodied by the price willing to pay in order to obtain the information filling the information gap ,and is realized as the price at the time of communication. Value of the information becomes zero when the information has been circulated and the potential gap vanished.And value of the information has a characteristic of reducing as time passes,because it is not possible to completely block the flow of information.Therefore, the price of the information is given by the function of the initial price and flow resistance and time.Further, since the value of the information is different by the recipient,in the case of discrete communication, the value and price is determined in accordance with the state of the recipient.On the other hand, the price system in the general circulation of information have been socially established. That is,the price of information newly produced is evaluated and set positioned relatively in the social price system. The price system is defined by the amount of activity that is common and social need to access to or produce the target information, and in that sense, the value of information have aspects of labor value.
3. INFORMATION SOCIETY
3-1 Information society
Information society is society in that production and circulation of information has become a key industry and led to occupy the mainstay of social activities, against, medieval feudal society in that agricultural production was a key industry and capitalist society in that goods production (industrial production) was a key industry.Perhaps it can say, it is a society in that human beings and the activity itself are principal,against the society in that goods was the subject. Pivotal point in the information society is to ensure a free and smooth flow of information in order to activate the production and circulation of information and to promote the development of people and society. That is, construct a system for circulating universally,accurately,fast and low cost as possible to people in need of information, not allow an exclusive and biased retention of information.
3-2 Function of money
In general, money is information medium representing social evaluation of the value. In the goods distribution society, money serves as a distribution medium of goods (commodities). In a capitalist society, money place production of goods under the control based on the ownership of factors of the production, and obtain (exploit) the part of the value that has been produced by the labor based on commercializing the labor force, and function as capital (industrial capital) to produce a profit. After that, the capital, in response to being the huge capital that has become necessary according to the heavy and chemical industrialization and mass production, grow into financial capital which has the effect of self-growth by creating their own interest, standing on top of the production and consumption sectors of goods and services to mediate the supply and demand of their funds, and produce financial markets to invest for this financial capital. In addition,in the current, the global financial markets are formed and a speculative global financial capitalism has created.
On the other hand, in the information society, information is positioned relatively in the social information price system,and its price is evaluated and set. At the communication of information amount of money corresponding the price of information is paid, and in this way information flows. That is, smooth flow of information is ensured by the money accomplish a payment function of the price that corresponds to the information value. Therefore, money is only with the pricing function and consideration payment function of the information, in principle there is no room to be "capitalization". Price system of information, constantly varies between each field each other with the information production in each field of information,also as a whole varies with depending on the money supply.
In addition,the emergence of "monetarism" in the intensity of the contradiction of the capitalist system is having a aspect that implicitly anticipate the money of the function in the information society in the process of transition towards the information society.
3-3 Information production and capital
In the information society, in order to perform the information production by organization such as a company, of course, it is necessary to set up information processing equipments to connect external systems,to employ information production and processing worker, and money capital in order to cover their costs. However, it is sufficient with a much less capital compared to the capital necessary to ensure the equipment and materials in the goods production. Further,the increasingly less capital will be necessary by the development of information technology, and in the information production it will be become apparent directly the contribution of creativity of the worker for the price, in consequence, excessive "exploitation" by "capital" is become impossible. The capital is turned into costs of information production, and function as a "capital" will be decreased significantly. As a result, at least basis of realizing speculative financial capital will be lost.
3-4 Corporate entity of information production
As the weight of labor (creative activity) in information production is very high relative to the other production conditions,it is forced to be mainstream that company producing the information is composed as corporate body of non-capitalist and productive joint body. Capital required information production is made possible procurement in very easily and at low cost by planning ability of the corporate entity.The same was early pointed out,as P.F.Drucker stated in "post-capitalist society" published in 1993, in that described as "Today, land,labor, capital have the significant only as primarily constraint condition for production.If there is no of them, nothing is produced,even the knowledge.・・・However, already in the today,if effective management is done, i.e. even been made application to the knowledge of knowledge, so that the other resources are put in the hands at any time. " Therefore,the capitalist systems, in that the capital behave from behind as an absolute ruler referring to such as labor (creative activities) curriculum,setting of the working environment and the distribution of the fruits of labor,is not able to form in order to workers who is the subject of information production is not accept because of being unsatisfied .
3-5 Goods production and capital
In the information society as a matter of course the production of goods is continued,although it is not no longer key industry. This is similar to that in the capitalist society (industrial society), the goods production become a key industry,although agricultural production is also of course continued with increasing the volume of production and decreasing the weight in the whole industry with falling from the key industry. In addition, agricultural production in capitalist society is not the course of continuing the agricultural production to maintain the system under feudalism,while is carried out by the system conforming with the goods production.Similarly, also on the goods production in the information society, the weight of the capital which was overwhelming dominant factor in the capitalist society is significantly reduced,and a system according to the system of information production i.e. a system performed by corporate entity that have communal and non-capitalist basis is adopted.
3-6 Information society and the state
In the information society, according to globalization have been progressing as a premise of the establishment of the information society, the position of the state is relatively reduced in response to the enhancement of international various organizations and institutions, and progress the hollowing out of national sovereignty. Ultimately, national defense function replaces the security functions of the international central authority (world government), and the management and welfare of the residents of each region is done by the local government which is directly connected to the residents, further industry, transportation, traffic,and others is rested upon an intermediate engine of each level having various spread,such as current national,state,and others,and the system adjusting mechanism for adjusting between the intermediate mechanism is disposed to the upper level intermediate engine or central authority.