DEVELOP OF ECONO STR (part2)
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- DEVELOP OF ECONO STR (part2)
8. LABOR MOBILITY - Employment stability fund
In the new economic structure, it is the most important task to ensure high labor mobility, stable employment, full employment and social protection. Therefore, in the above-mentioned corporate form, it is appropriate to resolve lifetime employment that corresponded to the old seniority system, and to make employment system that a worker is employed under work conditions such as wage based on labor capacity and career required to carry out the project and the worker works in a workplace where carries out duty corresponding to the labor capacity and career, and it is possible to dismiss the worker in the case that the duties become no longer necessary due to the abolition of the business etc. and the duty is also not necessary in other businesses or workplaces in the same company. However, as a negative incentive to dismiss workers, it is necessary to use jointly a system to force support to search for next employment paying the compensation equivalent to the previous wages until the next employment place is decided during the period for example up to one year as long as going not bankrupt. By doing so, it is possible to achieve stability of employment to some extent while ensuring high labor mobility.
Also, it is necessary to establish a system of social side for workers who can be found no new employment place depending on the such system enforced to companies and released to society, at the system the workers can receive vocational training to raise labor capacity while receiving benefits of about 60% to 80% of the wages until next employment for example up to 2 years, and therefore it is necessary to prepare a variety of vocational training and reeducation systems.
Vocational training to ensure both labor mobility and full employment can not exert a sufficient effect unless that is a full-fledged vocational training adopted an educational system like the one which is an ordered type education (contents and curriculum of the education acquiring the skills required by employment companies are formed by receiving an order from the company side and being provided human and cost-expense support from the company side) that has been adopted by some universities in Korea. Also, it may be preferable for new graduates to apply employment after receiving education at such vocational training schools, just like doctors' interns.
In cases where employment is not determined even after the vocational training period has elapsed, it is necessary to shift to a social security system like the lowest income security system to be described later, thereby protect the living, and it is necessary to do labor education with strong leadership having some degree of compelling force. To that end, it is necessary to train a lot of superior and personally superior instructors trained in the social security system at the bottom of society. With respect to the financial resources of maintenance expenses for such employment system, since companies are premised on obtaining high-quality workforce from society, the companies obviously must bear the social cost for acquiring necessary labor freely. As the specific financial resources, it is appropriate for example to establish a system that collects the same amount as the total of dividends and officer remuneration to make an employment stabilization fund, that is, half of the company's profits are used for dividends and executive remuneration, and half is used for employment stability fund.
9. SOCIAL SECURITY SYSTEM - Minimum income security
Regarding the social security system in the new economic structure, it is necessary to modify the current social security system, which was able to exist with the Ford Keynes system as a prerequisite, and if not there is a danger that the social security system itself is failed and disappeared. As a public system, a single minimum income security system is established instead of the livelihood protection system and various disability allowance systems, that is simplified as a common support and security system covering unemployed people and non-employed people such as retired people. In addition, since the health insurance system is related to the life and health of the whole people and should be equal regardless of age or sex, the health insurance union system targeting only workers who are originally healthy is originally is irregular as a system that should have generality, and it is necessary to unify it into a single public system.
On the other hand, various pension schemes such as welfare pension, civil servant mutual aid, national pension system, etc. are transferred to the private sector as a system covering the additional contribution on the premise of the minimum income security system, and make it a private pension system. In the transitional measures, among the existing pension funds, the portion of the funds corresponding to the minimum income security is placed in the national treasury, and the funds corresponding to the additional contributions are placed in newly established private pension funds or existing pension funds according to choice of each person, from that eliminate government subsidies and allow the fluctuation of the pension payment amount according to the actual performance of the private pension fund. Doing so, it can reduce the financial burden of the state even if setting the amount received by the minimum income security to an amount enough to live by itself, and it can eliminate contradictions that the person who continued to pay the current pension can not live by the received fundamental pension alone on the other hand the person who receive welfare protection can live adequately despite not having done anything at all, and it is also possible to eliminate the increase of social unrest and financial burden due to an increase in the number of pensioners who are surely expected in the future.
However, this means that it is saving the state fiscal budget and the vulnerable people of the society by sacrificing to some extent the retirees of large corporations and civil servants who are guaranteed excessively abundant old age compared with the wages that currently active workers earn, so it is expected to be difficult to gain consent. However, if this is not done the whole system will fail, so there seems to be no other option.
10. TAX SYSTEM - progressive direct tax, fixed rate indirect tax,
low rate corporate tax and employment stability tax
With regard to the tax system in the new economic structure, the direct tax of income tax basically tax on individuals living in that country / region to earn income by progressive taxation according to income, and regarding corporate income tax, although it may be tax-free, by taxing corporate tax at a low rate, corporate accounting can thoroughly transparentize by tax investigation, and eliminate tax escape and illegal transfer of assets. Also, as a matter of course including corporate religion for the corporation subject to corporate tax, it is possible to make the organization and the accounting transparent which are supposed to be required as a corporation, and to secure a substantial increase in tax revenue. Consumption tax, which is an indirect tax, corresponds to economic activity, so it is taxed basically at a fixed rate regardless of individual or corporation, if possible some reduced tax rate.
Instead of lowering corporate tax rates, as described above half of the profits that were allocated to dividends and directors' remuneration is collected as employment stabilization tax, and the dividend is tax free correspondingly. On the other hand, since profit on stock trading is income, it is subject to income tax and progressive taxation is applied as object of income tax, and assets by market value valuation of stock holdings are also assets, so tax is imposed every year at low rate as with fixed asset tax. Now it is possible to capture 100% ownership of public stocks, so this taxation is possible, and taxation can be increased by taxing.
In addition, it seems to just raise an objection that such a heavy tax is imposed on shareholders who are investors, foreign investors will withdraw the funds, domestic investors will escape funds to overseas, so domestic stock markets will be exhausted and Japanese economy will be declined, but it is the speculator who loses all over the place, and completely economically meaningless and useless transactions only raising and lowering the stock price are just lost, consequently even so the scale of the business shrinks, it is thought that the stock market will be shifted to the original investment by fulfilling the soundness of the securities market.
Also, by setting the inheritance tax as super-progressive taxation with the highest tax rate of around 90%, it will try to equalize opportunities in society and help build an appropriate and equitable competitive society. In addition, gifts of property during lifetime are simply subject to progressive taxation by income tax by making it income of the receiving side, while donation to charity groups and public bodies is to be tax free. Thus, it seems appropriate to form a tax system that secure tax revenue by appropriately taxing on high-income brackets and wealthy people and aim to revitalize corporate activities by requiring high accounting transparency while reducing tax burden for corporations.
11. GOVERNMENT SYSTEM AND RESOUCES
In the new economic structure, regarding the government system and financial resources concerning the governance of the whole country and the securing of public assets, it seems reasonable to do business and affairs of the Cabinet Office directly under the prime minister, general affairs and security, financial affairs, foreign affairs, defense, finance, economic and transportation, education, culture etc. by income tax and corporate tax, and to do business and affairs of the social security such as minimum income security, pension, health·medical care, nursing care, etc. by consumption tax, and to do business and affairs of employment·labor by employment stable tax.
Also, as a matter of course, matters that can be managed efficiently in each regional municipality and matters that can do residential services on the true state of affairs by doing administrative management in each regional municipality, are preferable to transfer their business, clerical work and financial resources to local governments. The central ministries and agencies and their bureaucrats should mainly review and formulate plan for the matters that should be prescribed and implemented on the nationwide scale, as for the implementation do it themselves as far as it is not done otherwise and others leave to local government. It is reasonable and efficient not to make special corporations, independent administrative agencies, public interest corporations, etc. that will become a destination to go down.
Furthermore, in a globalized new economic structure it is extremely important to precisely and accurately analyze the current trends with a high degree of responsiveness under a long-term and consistent viewpoint and to share clear national strategies throughout the government.
As the society becomes more complex due to informatization, many projects should be taken across ministries and agencies, and in order to solve those problems, it is necessary to provide the national strategy office dealing with the national strategy and the policy adjustment room adjusting matters across between the ministries in the Cabinet Office. In the policy adjustment room, when projects crossing ministries are brought in from any ministry or regional municipality, make a unified policy by cooperating the Minister's Secretariat in charge of ministries with each other. Thus, it is able to resolve the problem of vertically divided administration by bringing back the unified policy to each ministry and execute it as the highest decision item of the Minister.
12. GLOBALIZATION AND REGIONAL ECONOMY
In the global economy due to the progress of information society, there is no longer any economic structure that can be operated autonomously and effectively on a country-by-country basis. Therefore, it is impossible to turn the economic structure of Japan back to the economic growth structure by returning to the Ford Keynes system that has collapsed due to globalization and declining profitability. On the other hand, in the emerging Asian countries around Japan, external capital flows in from the outside including Japan due to globalization and combine with inexpensive labor force, a growth economic structure by export-type economy towards the outside including Japan is established. Here, relationship in which Japan and Asian countries have cooperated with each other is actually established. In other words, it is in a state that countries achieved industrialization through globalization are established around Japan, and in such a relationship, it is necessary to change the economic structure of Japan to a structure that can derive the benefits of international division of labor by making full use of the characteristics of the Japanese economy, so what to do for it is an issue.
As a way of recognizing this task, instead of considering the relationship between other countries and regions short-sightedly on the premise of the interests of the country / region as commonly practiced now, changing the viewpoint, it is necessary to reconfigure issues such as how prosperity of each country / region can be achieved in the global economic structure. Within the global economic structure, each country / region has some degree of autonomy, each exists as an economic unit having characteristics, and it is possible to enjoy optimized and maximized profits and prosper by taking advantage of its characteristics to share global partnerships. Therefor, there is a need to consider the role of utilizing the characteristics of country / region from the viewpoint of global economic structure and to try to enjoy the benefits by taking measures to fulfill that role. This is important in Japan's strategy against Asia towards the East Asian Community, especially in the strategy against China.
Looking back on the current situation in Japan from this point of view, in the Japanese manufacturing industry, many of the manufacturing divisions of large enterprises have moved overseas and shifted to a system that they produce on the spot, and parts suppliers under the umbrella also have set up a local factory and form a structure of process division together with local business entities in East Asia. As a result, domestic industries have come to be hollowed out, and what kind of economic structure and industry is going to secure employment and income in the domestic market is an issue. The solution to the problem is to fulfill role of Japan by making full use of the characteristics of Japan in the mutually cooperative East Asian economic structure. The dominant first characteristic of Japan is the high quality of every detail in every product from industrial products to agricultural products, and it is in the high quality of labor brought about by pride, severity, a sense of responsibility, collaborative awareness etc. to labor in every labor situation that creates products. In Japan it is to be seen even from work of human national treasure to work of subcontracting company in construction site. This is an intangible property that has been accumulated in the long history of Japanese society. However, at the moment these assets are about to be dismantled by being exposed to cost competition due to globalization. In large enterprises, short-term performance principles based on numerous are brought in and haven sway by superior administrators learned in the United States, and in extreme terms, it is said that it is trying to improve efficiency by a combination of irregular labor with only superior administrator and manualized work, and as a result the workplace which was supporting advanced technology is about to be dismantled. Small and medium sized enterprises are forced to compete with low cost overseas parts from large enterprises, and work has been reduced just to be forced to cut costs as much as possible, resulting in closed or bankruptcy, as a result the workers who were supporting in a wide range of advanced technologies are trying to leave homeless and destitute as their production efficiency is poor. It is necessary to take measures to effectively utilize such Japanese advanced technology and labor supporting it in the Asian world.
The second characteristic is that Japan has achieved advanced sophistication in the Asian world and its history is relatively shallow but the accumulation and development capabilities of the most advanced and sophisticated technology and the system supporting it are alive. It is necessary to back up technically and to construct a system that supports the total so as to further strengthen it. Human and software infrastructure for that purpose is more substantial than any Asian countries. Therefore, Japan should be able to contribute greatly to the development of Asia by the development of the most advanced and sophisticated technology.
Even if it is attempted to make use of these characteristics effectively, domestic enterprises including many small and medium enterprises do not have the ability to respond under the present circumstances. Therefore, it is necessary to form a network with an international perspective centering on East Asia collaborating between domestic enterprises and universities collaborating interdisciplinarly, and to conduct market creating type technical innovation based on global knowledge through industry-academia collaboration. Such a corporate network is highly likely to be corresponding with the business form of a new era. In addition, it is effective to promote collaboration among domestic companies that possess the most advanced and sophisticated technologies and to cultivate advanced service industries, and a guidance policy for that is required. Also, in connection with that, a system in which researchers from Asian countries come to Japan and participate and contribute to studies of these advanced technology should be necessary. Japan can not develop with the Asian partnership unless a place where people come and play an active part can build in Japan. It is also necessary to expand higher education to support these industries and companies.
13. POSITIONING OF PRIMARY INDUSTRY
- Measures to deregulate agricultural products by FTA
Regarding the positioning of the primary industry in the new economic structure, the relative proportion of the primary industry to the whole economy will be small as it is already, and it can be said that even if it declines somewhat, it becomes almost stable equilibrium. Regarding agriculture that has the highest proportion in the primary industry, in order to implement FTA towards the formation of the Asian community, it is necessary to promote liberalization of the agricultural products that are obstacles for FTA, and it is inevitable to import cheap agricultural products from the world especially from Asia. However, from the viewpoint of food security, it is necessary to prevent agriculture from being destroyed and to keep domestic agriculture in a state where at least the whole people can survive by self-contained foods in case of emergency. And preferably it is necessary for major agricultural products such as rice to make competitive even if it is liberalized. To that end, it is necessary to reduce the cost to the extent that it has external competitiveness by improving the production efficiency of agriculture with realizing the farmers' incorporation and large scale and adding quality. Incidentally, the number of working days required for rice production is extremely reduced by the fact that the mechanized system is adopted despite the microscale size, so that although high technical production efficiency has already been realized, it is economically extremely inefficient.
As a countermeasure, it is necessary to eliminate regulations on agriculture entry and to eliminate farmland ownership restrictions in order to make agricultural land liquid. Furthermore, it is necessary to induce to have high liquidity by imposing lowered tax rate on property tax for narrow agricultural land in mountainous area, large scale farmland cultivated as business at present and agricultural land up to prescribed range of home garden space, other than that imposing a relatively high tax rate for agricultural land of non-cultivated large-scale farmland such a tax rate similar to residential land, and punitive high rate for camouflaged arable land. In addition, although it is necessary to realize the FTA promptly, it will take time to realize such a system, so as a transitional measure until then, it should be introduced an income security system that compensates for domestic and foreign price differences on a timely basis, and the system should be realized in parallel.
As another countermeasure, it is necessary to make the kinds of agricultural products to be produced into high-quality fruits and vegetables that can acquire markets domestically and worldwide due to quality competition so as not to fall into price competition. In addition, it is necessary to make agriculture an industry that can stand on its own by earnestly promoting production direct sales of special products of domestic each production areas by utilizing information systems such as the Internet and distribution systems, and by constructing comprehensive industries unique to the area that combines the production of special products and the leisure industry relating to the environment / culture of the area and tourism / experience etc. in the area.
Also in the fishery industry, it is able to develop new markets both domestically and abroad by utilizing the latest refrigeration technology capable of maintaining high freshness, information system and logistics system. Although now forestry is stagnant due to the cost competition with foreign-made materials, depletion of timber resources will be expected in the future, so it seems possible to form self-reliant industry by devising measures that is to utilize thinned wood and to combine with the leisure industry such as tourism and experience.
14. IN CONCLUSION
Under the collapse of the Ford Keynes system as a result of progress in information society and globalization, this text is intended to raising a overall structure against the problems of what is the new economic structure that can smoothly move to the information society through neoliberal structural reforms and how to revitalize Japan in a globalizing world. In response to this proposal, criticism is anticipated, for example, that the consideration is rough and sloppy, errors due to lack of knowledge are scattered. If such a criticism is accepted, in that case, it should be presented a overall idea replacing abovementioned opinion by rich knowledge and accurate consideration, then it is meaningful that it is raised a high-quality concept that can more certainly relax or eliminate the intensification of contradiction erupting in conjunction with social structure develops and creates a new social structure.
In the new economic structure, it is the most important task to ensure high labor mobility, stable employment, full employment and social protection. Therefore, in the above-mentioned corporate form, it is appropriate to resolve lifetime employment that corresponded to the old seniority system, and to make employment system that a worker is employed under work conditions such as wage based on labor capacity and career required to carry out the project and the worker works in a workplace where carries out duty corresponding to the labor capacity and career, and it is possible to dismiss the worker in the case that the duties become no longer necessary due to the abolition of the business etc. and the duty is also not necessary in other businesses or workplaces in the same company. However, as a negative incentive to dismiss workers, it is necessary to use jointly a system to force support to search for next employment paying the compensation equivalent to the previous wages until the next employment place is decided during the period for example up to one year as long as going not bankrupt. By doing so, it is possible to achieve stability of employment to some extent while ensuring high labor mobility.
Also, it is necessary to establish a system of social side for workers who can be found no new employment place depending on the such system enforced to companies and released to society, at the system the workers can receive vocational training to raise labor capacity while receiving benefits of about 60% to 80% of the wages until next employment for example up to 2 years, and therefore it is necessary to prepare a variety of vocational training and reeducation systems.
Vocational training to ensure both labor mobility and full employment can not exert a sufficient effect unless that is a full-fledged vocational training adopted an educational system like the one which is an ordered type education (contents and curriculum of the education acquiring the skills required by employment companies are formed by receiving an order from the company side and being provided human and cost-expense support from the company side) that has been adopted by some universities in Korea. Also, it may be preferable for new graduates to apply employment after receiving education at such vocational training schools, just like doctors' interns.
In cases where employment is not determined even after the vocational training period has elapsed, it is necessary to shift to a social security system like the lowest income security system to be described later, thereby protect the living, and it is necessary to do labor education with strong leadership having some degree of compelling force. To that end, it is necessary to train a lot of superior and personally superior instructors trained in the social security system at the bottom of society. With respect to the financial resources of maintenance expenses for such employment system, since companies are premised on obtaining high-quality workforce from society, the companies obviously must bear the social cost for acquiring necessary labor freely. As the specific financial resources, it is appropriate for example to establish a system that collects the same amount as the total of dividends and officer remuneration to make an employment stabilization fund, that is, half of the company's profits are used for dividends and executive remuneration, and half is used for employment stability fund.
9. SOCIAL SECURITY SYSTEM - Minimum income security
Regarding the social security system in the new economic structure, it is necessary to modify the current social security system, which was able to exist with the Ford Keynes system as a prerequisite, and if not there is a danger that the social security system itself is failed and disappeared. As a public system, a single minimum income security system is established instead of the livelihood protection system and various disability allowance systems, that is simplified as a common support and security system covering unemployed people and non-employed people such as retired people. In addition, since the health insurance system is related to the life and health of the whole people and should be equal regardless of age or sex, the health insurance union system targeting only workers who are originally healthy is originally is irregular as a system that should have generality, and it is necessary to unify it into a single public system.
On the other hand, various pension schemes such as welfare pension, civil servant mutual aid, national pension system, etc. are transferred to the private sector as a system covering the additional contribution on the premise of the minimum income security system, and make it a private pension system. In the transitional measures, among the existing pension funds, the portion of the funds corresponding to the minimum income security is placed in the national treasury, and the funds corresponding to the additional contributions are placed in newly established private pension funds or existing pension funds according to choice of each person, from that eliminate government subsidies and allow the fluctuation of the pension payment amount according to the actual performance of the private pension fund. Doing so, it can reduce the financial burden of the state even if setting the amount received by the minimum income security to an amount enough to live by itself, and it can eliminate contradictions that the person who continued to pay the current pension can not live by the received fundamental pension alone on the other hand the person who receive welfare protection can live adequately despite not having done anything at all, and it is also possible to eliminate the increase of social unrest and financial burden due to an increase in the number of pensioners who are surely expected in the future.
However, this means that it is saving the state fiscal budget and the vulnerable people of the society by sacrificing to some extent the retirees of large corporations and civil servants who are guaranteed excessively abundant old age compared with the wages that currently active workers earn, so it is expected to be difficult to gain consent. However, if this is not done the whole system will fail, so there seems to be no other option.
10. TAX SYSTEM - progressive direct tax, fixed rate indirect tax,
low rate corporate tax and employment stability tax
With regard to the tax system in the new economic structure, the direct tax of income tax basically tax on individuals living in that country / region to earn income by progressive taxation according to income, and regarding corporate income tax, although it may be tax-free, by taxing corporate tax at a low rate, corporate accounting can thoroughly transparentize by tax investigation, and eliminate tax escape and illegal transfer of assets. Also, as a matter of course including corporate religion for the corporation subject to corporate tax, it is possible to make the organization and the accounting transparent which are supposed to be required as a corporation, and to secure a substantial increase in tax revenue. Consumption tax, which is an indirect tax, corresponds to economic activity, so it is taxed basically at a fixed rate regardless of individual or corporation, if possible some reduced tax rate.
Instead of lowering corporate tax rates, as described above half of the profits that were allocated to dividends and directors' remuneration is collected as employment stabilization tax, and the dividend is tax free correspondingly. On the other hand, since profit on stock trading is income, it is subject to income tax and progressive taxation is applied as object of income tax, and assets by market value valuation of stock holdings are also assets, so tax is imposed every year at low rate as with fixed asset tax. Now it is possible to capture 100% ownership of public stocks, so this taxation is possible, and taxation can be increased by taxing.
In addition, it seems to just raise an objection that such a heavy tax is imposed on shareholders who are investors, foreign investors will withdraw the funds, domestic investors will escape funds to overseas, so domestic stock markets will be exhausted and Japanese economy will be declined, but it is the speculator who loses all over the place, and completely economically meaningless and useless transactions only raising and lowering the stock price are just lost, consequently even so the scale of the business shrinks, it is thought that the stock market will be shifted to the original investment by fulfilling the soundness of the securities market.
Also, by setting the inheritance tax as super-progressive taxation with the highest tax rate of around 90%, it will try to equalize opportunities in society and help build an appropriate and equitable competitive society. In addition, gifts of property during lifetime are simply subject to progressive taxation by income tax by making it income of the receiving side, while donation to charity groups and public bodies is to be tax free. Thus, it seems appropriate to form a tax system that secure tax revenue by appropriately taxing on high-income brackets and wealthy people and aim to revitalize corporate activities by requiring high accounting transparency while reducing tax burden for corporations.
11. GOVERNMENT SYSTEM AND RESOUCES
In the new economic structure, regarding the government system and financial resources concerning the governance of the whole country and the securing of public assets, it seems reasonable to do business and affairs of the Cabinet Office directly under the prime minister, general affairs and security, financial affairs, foreign affairs, defense, finance, economic and transportation, education, culture etc. by income tax and corporate tax, and to do business and affairs of the social security such as minimum income security, pension, health·medical care, nursing care, etc. by consumption tax, and to do business and affairs of employment·labor by employment stable tax.
Also, as a matter of course, matters that can be managed efficiently in each regional municipality and matters that can do residential services on the true state of affairs by doing administrative management in each regional municipality, are preferable to transfer their business, clerical work and financial resources to local governments. The central ministries and agencies and their bureaucrats should mainly review and formulate plan for the matters that should be prescribed and implemented on the nationwide scale, as for the implementation do it themselves as far as it is not done otherwise and others leave to local government. It is reasonable and efficient not to make special corporations, independent administrative agencies, public interest corporations, etc. that will become a destination to go down.
Furthermore, in a globalized new economic structure it is extremely important to precisely and accurately analyze the current trends with a high degree of responsiveness under a long-term and consistent viewpoint and to share clear national strategies throughout the government.
As the society becomes more complex due to informatization, many projects should be taken across ministries and agencies, and in order to solve those problems, it is necessary to provide the national strategy office dealing with the national strategy and the policy adjustment room adjusting matters across between the ministries in the Cabinet Office. In the policy adjustment room, when projects crossing ministries are brought in from any ministry or regional municipality, make a unified policy by cooperating the Minister's Secretariat in charge of ministries with each other. Thus, it is able to resolve the problem of vertically divided administration by bringing back the unified policy to each ministry and execute it as the highest decision item of the Minister.
12. GLOBALIZATION AND REGIONAL ECONOMY
In the global economy due to the progress of information society, there is no longer any economic structure that can be operated autonomously and effectively on a country-by-country basis. Therefore, it is impossible to turn the economic structure of Japan back to the economic growth structure by returning to the Ford Keynes system that has collapsed due to globalization and declining profitability. On the other hand, in the emerging Asian countries around Japan, external capital flows in from the outside including Japan due to globalization and combine with inexpensive labor force, a growth economic structure by export-type economy towards the outside including Japan is established. Here, relationship in which Japan and Asian countries have cooperated with each other is actually established. In other words, it is in a state that countries achieved industrialization through globalization are established around Japan, and in such a relationship, it is necessary to change the economic structure of Japan to a structure that can derive the benefits of international division of labor by making full use of the characteristics of the Japanese economy, so what to do for it is an issue.
As a way of recognizing this task, instead of considering the relationship between other countries and regions short-sightedly on the premise of the interests of the country / region as commonly practiced now, changing the viewpoint, it is necessary to reconfigure issues such as how prosperity of each country / region can be achieved in the global economic structure. Within the global economic structure, each country / region has some degree of autonomy, each exists as an economic unit having characteristics, and it is possible to enjoy optimized and maximized profits and prosper by taking advantage of its characteristics to share global partnerships. Therefor, there is a need to consider the role of utilizing the characteristics of country / region from the viewpoint of global economic structure and to try to enjoy the benefits by taking measures to fulfill that role. This is important in Japan's strategy against Asia towards the East Asian Community, especially in the strategy against China.
Looking back on the current situation in Japan from this point of view, in the Japanese manufacturing industry, many of the manufacturing divisions of large enterprises have moved overseas and shifted to a system that they produce on the spot, and parts suppliers under the umbrella also have set up a local factory and form a structure of process division together with local business entities in East Asia. As a result, domestic industries have come to be hollowed out, and what kind of economic structure and industry is going to secure employment and income in the domestic market is an issue. The solution to the problem is to fulfill role of Japan by making full use of the characteristics of Japan in the mutually cooperative East Asian economic structure. The dominant first characteristic of Japan is the high quality of every detail in every product from industrial products to agricultural products, and it is in the high quality of labor brought about by pride, severity, a sense of responsibility, collaborative awareness etc. to labor in every labor situation that creates products. In Japan it is to be seen even from work of human national treasure to work of subcontracting company in construction site. This is an intangible property that has been accumulated in the long history of Japanese society. However, at the moment these assets are about to be dismantled by being exposed to cost competition due to globalization. In large enterprises, short-term performance principles based on numerous are brought in and haven sway by superior administrators learned in the United States, and in extreme terms, it is said that it is trying to improve efficiency by a combination of irregular labor with only superior administrator and manualized work, and as a result the workplace which was supporting advanced technology is about to be dismantled. Small and medium sized enterprises are forced to compete with low cost overseas parts from large enterprises, and work has been reduced just to be forced to cut costs as much as possible, resulting in closed or bankruptcy, as a result the workers who were supporting in a wide range of advanced technologies are trying to leave homeless and destitute as their production efficiency is poor. It is necessary to take measures to effectively utilize such Japanese advanced technology and labor supporting it in the Asian world.
The second characteristic is that Japan has achieved advanced sophistication in the Asian world and its history is relatively shallow but the accumulation and development capabilities of the most advanced and sophisticated technology and the system supporting it are alive. It is necessary to back up technically and to construct a system that supports the total so as to further strengthen it. Human and software infrastructure for that purpose is more substantial than any Asian countries. Therefore, Japan should be able to contribute greatly to the development of Asia by the development of the most advanced and sophisticated technology.
Even if it is attempted to make use of these characteristics effectively, domestic enterprises including many small and medium enterprises do not have the ability to respond under the present circumstances. Therefore, it is necessary to form a network with an international perspective centering on East Asia collaborating between domestic enterprises and universities collaborating interdisciplinarly, and to conduct market creating type technical innovation based on global knowledge through industry-academia collaboration. Such a corporate network is highly likely to be corresponding with the business form of a new era. In addition, it is effective to promote collaboration among domestic companies that possess the most advanced and sophisticated technologies and to cultivate advanced service industries, and a guidance policy for that is required. Also, in connection with that, a system in which researchers from Asian countries come to Japan and participate and contribute to studies of these advanced technology should be necessary. Japan can not develop with the Asian partnership unless a place where people come and play an active part can build in Japan. It is also necessary to expand higher education to support these industries and companies.
13. POSITIONING OF PRIMARY INDUSTRY
- Measures to deregulate agricultural products by FTA
Regarding the positioning of the primary industry in the new economic structure, the relative proportion of the primary industry to the whole economy will be small as it is already, and it can be said that even if it declines somewhat, it becomes almost stable equilibrium. Regarding agriculture that has the highest proportion in the primary industry, in order to implement FTA towards the formation of the Asian community, it is necessary to promote liberalization of the agricultural products that are obstacles for FTA, and it is inevitable to import cheap agricultural products from the world especially from Asia. However, from the viewpoint of food security, it is necessary to prevent agriculture from being destroyed and to keep domestic agriculture in a state where at least the whole people can survive by self-contained foods in case of emergency. And preferably it is necessary for major agricultural products such as rice to make competitive even if it is liberalized. To that end, it is necessary to reduce the cost to the extent that it has external competitiveness by improving the production efficiency of agriculture with realizing the farmers' incorporation and large scale and adding quality. Incidentally, the number of working days required for rice production is extremely reduced by the fact that the mechanized system is adopted despite the microscale size, so that although high technical production efficiency has already been realized, it is economically extremely inefficient.
As a countermeasure, it is necessary to eliminate regulations on agriculture entry and to eliminate farmland ownership restrictions in order to make agricultural land liquid. Furthermore, it is necessary to induce to have high liquidity by imposing lowered tax rate on property tax for narrow agricultural land in mountainous area, large scale farmland cultivated as business at present and agricultural land up to prescribed range of home garden space, other than that imposing a relatively high tax rate for agricultural land of non-cultivated large-scale farmland such a tax rate similar to residential land, and punitive high rate for camouflaged arable land. In addition, although it is necessary to realize the FTA promptly, it will take time to realize such a system, so as a transitional measure until then, it should be introduced an income security system that compensates for domestic and foreign price differences on a timely basis, and the system should be realized in parallel.
As another countermeasure, it is necessary to make the kinds of agricultural products to be produced into high-quality fruits and vegetables that can acquire markets domestically and worldwide due to quality competition so as not to fall into price competition. In addition, it is necessary to make agriculture an industry that can stand on its own by earnestly promoting production direct sales of special products of domestic each production areas by utilizing information systems such as the Internet and distribution systems, and by constructing comprehensive industries unique to the area that combines the production of special products and the leisure industry relating to the environment / culture of the area and tourism / experience etc. in the area.
Also in the fishery industry, it is able to develop new markets both domestically and abroad by utilizing the latest refrigeration technology capable of maintaining high freshness, information system and logistics system. Although now forestry is stagnant due to the cost competition with foreign-made materials, depletion of timber resources will be expected in the future, so it seems possible to form self-reliant industry by devising measures that is to utilize thinned wood and to combine with the leisure industry such as tourism and experience.
14. IN CONCLUSION
Under the collapse of the Ford Keynes system as a result of progress in information society and globalization, this text is intended to raising a overall structure against the problems of what is the new economic structure that can smoothly move to the information society through neoliberal structural reforms and how to revitalize Japan in a globalizing world. In response to this proposal, criticism is anticipated, for example, that the consideration is rough and sloppy, errors due to lack of knowledge are scattered. If such a criticism is accepted, in that case, it should be presented a overall idea replacing abovementioned opinion by rich knowledge and accurate consideration, then it is meaningful that it is raised a high-quality concept that can more certainly relax or eliminate the intensification of contradiction erupting in conjunction with social structure develops and creates a new social structure.